Norman Bethune

Born in Gravenhurst, Ontario on March 4, 1890, Henry Norman Bethune graduated in medicine from the University of Toronto in 1916 before serving as a medical officer in the Canadian Royal Navy and Army during World War I. In 1926, Bethune contracted pulmonary tuberculosis, a diagnosis that was then often a death sentence; he demanded an experimental surgical procedure (artificial pneumothorax) that saved his life. This brush with mortality ignited an intense dedication to thoracic surgery. Practicing at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Bethune invented more than a dozen new surgical instruments—most famously the Bethune Rib Shears, which remain in surgical use today—and became an outspoken advocate for socialized medicine, establishing free clinics for the unemployed during the Great Depression. In 1936, alarmed by the rise of fascism, Bethune traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War, where he pioneered the world's first mobile blood transfusion service (Servicio Canadiense de Transfusión de Sangre), transporting refrigerated blood directly to wounded soldiers on the front lines, saving countless lives. In 1938, Bethune traveled to war-torn China to aid Chinese forces resisting the Japanese invasion, performing emergency surgical operations directly on the battlefield under harrowing conditions. On November 12, 1939, after accidentally cutting his finger during an emergency operation without surgical gloves and contracting septicemia, Dr. Bethune died at age 49 in Hebei, China. Mao Zedong's eulogy, "In Memory of Norman Bethune," made his name a household symbol of selfless internationalist dedication across China, while Canada honors him as a National Historic Person.